With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things, the deep integration of digital-intelligent technologies with transportation and logistics supply chains has become a key driver of high-quality economic development. This study systematically explores how innovations in digital-intelligent transportation and logistics supply chains foster economic growth through technological breakthroughs, system integration, and ecosystem restructuring. A multi-dimensional “technology-institution-industry” framework is proposed to analyze the theoretical underpinnings and evolution of such innovations. The paper further examines core technologies like dynamic perception, intelligent decision-making, and large-scale transportation models, and investigates the collaborative mechanisms of a “seven-in-one” innovation ecosystem involving government, industry, academia, research, finance, service, and users. Empirical analysis reveals the multi-level impacts of these innovations—macro-economic efficiency, meso-industrial upgrading, and micro-enterprise competitiveness—supported by case studies demonstrating significant cost reduction, operational efficiency, and regional coordination. The study concludes that digital-intelligent transportation and logistics supply chain innovations enhance total factor productivity, optimize resource allocation, and strengthen economic resilience, providing robust momentum for sustainable economic development. Finally, policy recommendations and future directions are discussed.