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This chapter highlights the rapidly evolving nature of COVID-19 research and the potential applications of immune checkpoint-related findings in managing the disease. More specifically, the chapter provides a comprehensive overview of immune checkpoint expression in COVID-19, exploring the complex interplay between the immune system and SARS-CoV-2 infection. It begins by introducing the emergence of COVID-19 and its global impact, followed by a comparison with previous coronavirus outbreaks, like SARS and MERS. The chapter then explores the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 and discusses the roles of innate and adaptive immunity. A significant portion is dedicated to examining specific immune checkpoint molecules, including PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3, TIGIT, BTLA, and VISTA. For each checkpoint, the chapter explores its expression patterns in COVID-19 patients, its impact on disease severity, and its potential as a biomarker or therapeutic target. It also covers the relationship between immune checkpoint expression and T cell exhaustion in severe COVID-19 cases. Moreover, the chapter discusses the implications of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in cancer patients with COVID-19, exploring both the potential benefits and risks. Finally, it examines the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination in cancer patients undergoing ICI therapy.

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Immune Checkpoints and COVID-19: Insights Into Immunopathogenesis, Therapeutic Opportunities, and Vaccine Implications

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Lobat Tayebi,
  • Mohsen Abdolmaleki

摘要

This chapter highlights the rapidly evolving nature of COVID-19 research and the potential applications of immune checkpoint-related findings in managing the disease. More specifically, the chapter provides a comprehensive overview of immune checkpoint expression in COVID-19, exploring the complex interplay between the immune system and SARS-CoV-2 infection. It begins by introducing the emergence of COVID-19 and its global impact, followed by a comparison with previous coronavirus outbreaks, like SARS and MERS. The chapter then explores the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 and discusses the roles of innate and adaptive immunity. A significant portion is dedicated to examining specific immune checkpoint molecules, including PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3, TIGIT, BTLA, and VISTA. For each checkpoint, the chapter explores its expression patterns in COVID-19 patients, its impact on disease severity, and its potential as a biomarker or therapeutic target. It also covers the relationship between immune checkpoint expression and T cell exhaustion in severe COVID-19 cases. Moreover, the chapter discusses the implications of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in cancer patients with COVID-19, exploring both the potential benefits and risks. Finally, it examines the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination in cancer patients undergoing ICI therapy.