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The Sarawak shoreline in East Malaysia has been exposed to erosion in the long term and has experienced severe damage in recent years. This specific event occurred mainly due to the influence of global warming, wave energy, and marine currents that transfer sediments distantly. Strategic implementation of geotextile tubes, rock revetment, and dune stabilization were visible across the Sarawak shoreline. However, breakwaters are considered a profoundly feasible method compared to the current applications for the preservation of the shoreline. The main objective of this research is to achieve an appropriate design template for the preservation of seven different regions of Sarawak’s shoreline. After adequate research, it was revealed that a rubble mound breakwater is suitable as the structural development for the coastline. The research is focused on calculating the different components of a breakwater through Microsoft Excel. Hudson’s formula and the Shoreline Protection Manual were reviewed when performing the calculation for the design of armor units. A Cubipod calculator was used to calculate the size of the armor units. This paper presents a series of calculations done through obtaining relevant data and inputs from reliable sources regarding Sarawak shoreline. The results disclosed that the average weight of an armor unit is about 3.7 t, which is a Cubipod. Region 2 and 3, which include Sarikei, and Sibu, require the largest armor unit due to their higher water depth. The estimated overtopping of the breakwater in regions 1 and 2 is slightly lower than the rest of the regions. The south side of the Sarawak shoreline necessitates a large total structure height compared to the north side. The final results obtained through the Cubipod calculator and spreadsheet calculations provide the parameters to create the design template for the breakwater. Furthermore, the utilization of Cubipod as the armor unit increases the overall hydraulic stability of the structure and its structural strength, lowers run-up and overtopping rates, and provides higher friction with the filter layer.

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Design Methodology for Shoreline Protection in Sarawak Shoreline Using Rubble-Mound Breakwater

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • P. A. Ratnasinghe,
  • K. K. Kuok

摘要

The Sarawak shoreline in East Malaysia has been exposed to erosion in the long term and has experienced severe damage in recent years. This specific event occurred mainly due to the influence of global warming, wave energy, and marine currents that transfer sediments distantly. Strategic implementation of geotextile tubes, rock revetment, and dune stabilization were visible across the Sarawak shoreline. However, breakwaters are considered a profoundly feasible method compared to the current applications for the preservation of the shoreline. The main objective of this research is to achieve an appropriate design template for the preservation of seven different regions of Sarawak’s shoreline. After adequate research, it was revealed that a rubble mound breakwater is suitable as the structural development for the coastline. The research is focused on calculating the different components of a breakwater through Microsoft Excel. Hudson’s formula and the Shoreline Protection Manual were reviewed when performing the calculation for the design of armor units. A Cubipod calculator was used to calculate the size of the armor units. This paper presents a series of calculations done through obtaining relevant data and inputs from reliable sources regarding Sarawak shoreline. The results disclosed that the average weight of an armor unit is about 3.7 t, which is a Cubipod. Region 2 and 3, which include Sarikei, and Sibu, require the largest armor unit due to their higher water depth. The estimated overtopping of the breakwater in regions 1 and 2 is slightly lower than the rest of the regions. The south side of the Sarawak shoreline necessitates a large total structure height compared to the north side. The final results obtained through the Cubipod calculator and spreadsheet calculations provide the parameters to create the design template for the breakwater. Furthermore, the utilization of Cubipod as the armor unit increases the overall hydraulic stability of the structure and its structural strength, lowers run-up and overtopping rates, and provides higher friction with the filter layer.