The compounded impacts of climate change, accelerating population growth, and improvements in living standards have intensified pressure on existing freshwater resources, thereby threatening their long-term viability. Guaranteeing access to safe and reliable drinking water remains fundamental to safeguarding public health, supporting agricultural and industrial activities, and preserving ecological systems. Yet, the rising demand for freshwater increasingly surpasses natural replenishment rates, prompting the urgent need to identify alternative water sources, and develop advanced treatment technologies. This chapter explores the role of intelligent and sustainable membrane-based water treatment systems in expanding water accessibility while ensuring affordability and safety for widespread use. Among various treatment approaches, membrane separation technologies have garnered considerable attention due to their compactness, lower energy demands, and superior separation efficiency relative to traditional methods. Specifically, hollow fiber membranes are distinguished by their high surface area-to-volume ratio, intrinsic mechanical strength, and operational versatility—attributes that render them integral to contemporary water management solutions. The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) with smart membrane systems is further revolutionizing the field, facilitating real-time process monitoring, predictive diagnostics, and autonomous system control. When integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) sensor frameworks, AI-enhanced analytics contribute to improved operational performance, reduced energy input, and extended membrane durability. These innovations collectively support the transition toward adaptive, self-optimizing water treatment infrastructures capable of meeting global water demands sustainably and resiliently.