Nanoscience and nanotechnology signify very revolutionary changes in the evolution of modern science. This book chapter thoroughly analyzes the versatile uses of nanomaterials in the aerospace and marine industries, their basic principles, methods of operation, and prospects. The physicochemical and mechanical properties of nanolayered materials are very different from those of conventional materials, as their large surface-to-volume ratio, quantum boundary binding effect, and surface phenomena lead to new functionalities. These special properties make extraordinary contributions to spacecraft design, energy production, marine conservation, and environmental control. In the field of space science, nanomaterials are used in the manufacture of satellites, nano propulsion systems, and sensors due to their lightness, high mechanical strength, and radiation-resistant properties. Nanopropulsion technologies are making deep space exploration by microsatellites (CubeSats) energy efficient, less expensive, and longer lasting. And in the marine industry, nano coatings are highly effective in corrosion resistance, biofouling prevention, and structural longevity. Nano catalysts play an important role in marine pollution control, oil removal, heavy metal removal, and biodegradation processes.