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The post-Cold War order that Washington constructed across the Middle East rested fundamentally on visibility. American dominance announced itself through unique instruments of power: the continuous deployment of U.S. carrier strike groups to the Persian Gulf from 1991 onward, the establishment and expansion of permanent bases such as Al Udeid in Qatar (opened 1996, later hosting U.S. Central Command's forward headquarters), Camp Arifjan in Kuwait (2000), and the Fifth Fleet's headquarters in Bahrain (reconstituted 1995), and a network of bilateral defense agreements including the 1991 U.S. Kuwait Defense Cooperation Agreement, the 2003 U.S. Bahrain Free Trade Agreement with embedded security clauses, and long-standing commitments to Saudi Arabia dating back to 1945 but formalized through large-scale training, arms sales, and pre-positioned equipment after 1991.

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Diplomacy by Design and the Middle East's Strategic Reordering

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Asad Ullah

摘要

The post-Cold War order that Washington constructed across the Middle East rested fundamentally on visibility. American dominance announced itself through unique instruments of power: the continuous deployment of U.S. carrier strike groups to the Persian Gulf from 1991 onward, the establishment and expansion of permanent bases such as Al Udeid in Qatar (opened 1996, later hosting U.S. Central Command's forward headquarters), Camp Arifjan in Kuwait (2000), and the Fifth Fleet's headquarters in Bahrain (reconstituted 1995), and a network of bilateral defense agreements including the 1991 U.S. Kuwait Defense Cooperation Agreement, the 2003 U.S. Bahrain Free Trade Agreement with embedded security clauses, and long-standing commitments to Saudi Arabia dating back to 1945 but formalized through large-scale training, arms sales, and pre-positioned equipment after 1991.