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The utilization of H2 as energy carrier to generate electricity via electrochemical systems such as polymer electrolyte-membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) requires Pt as electrocatalysts. Pt has a very high activity of hydrogen evolution (HER) and hydrogen oxidation reactions (HOR) in acidic media, with low overpotential, allowing loadings < 0.03 mg Pt cm2geo (in the range of the PEMFC cost demands of < 30$ kW−1). With these characteristics there are not many alternatives to Pt. WOx based electrocatalysts are the only ones with activity for HOR, while other catalysts do not quite display similar activity for this reaction as for HER (which have more options to Pt with good performance). In alkaline media, HOR kinetics are reduced by at least two times on Pt surfaces but open the possibility to use transition metals as catalysts. In this media, Nickel shows the best performance for HOR amongst all of them (albeit not being at par with Pt). The fast kinetics and low overpotentials, with low Pt loadings, for H2 reactions in acidic media can mimic the reversible reactions of the redox flow batteries (RFBs), allowing them to be implemented in energy storage devices called regenerative fuel cells (RFCs). RFCs fuse the fast kinetics of the H2 reactions in PEMFCs with the fast kinetics of the redox active species in RFBs. In this short review, we overview the fundamentals of H2 reactions in acidic and alkaline media, review some of the most commonly used electrocatalysts and discuss different RFC chemistries developed at present.

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Short Review in HER/HOR Electrocatalysts as Anodes for Regenerative Fuel Cells

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Jose Luis Pérez-Martínez,
  • Dominik Wickenhauser,
  • Bernhard Marius,
  • Barun Chakrabarti,
  • Tülay Ínan,
  • Stefan Spirk,
  • Andrés Parra-Puerto

摘要

The utilization of H2 as energy carrier to generate electricity via electrochemical systems such as polymer electrolyte-membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) requires Pt as electrocatalysts. Pt has a very high activity of hydrogen evolution (HER) and hydrogen oxidation reactions (HOR) in acidic media, with low overpotential, allowing loadings < 0.03 mg Pt cm2geo (in the range of the PEMFC cost demands of < 30$ kW−1). With these characteristics there are not many alternatives to Pt. WOx based electrocatalysts are the only ones with activity for HOR, while other catalysts do not quite display similar activity for this reaction as for HER (which have more options to Pt with good performance). In alkaline media, HOR kinetics are reduced by at least two times on Pt surfaces but open the possibility to use transition metals as catalysts. In this media, Nickel shows the best performance for HOR amongst all of them (albeit not being at par with Pt). The fast kinetics and low overpotentials, with low Pt loadings, for H2 reactions in acidic media can mimic the reversible reactions of the redox flow batteries (RFBs), allowing them to be implemented in energy storage devices called regenerative fuel cells (RFCs). RFCs fuse the fast kinetics of the H2 reactions in PEMFCs with the fast kinetics of the redox active species in RFBs. In this short review, we overview the fundamentals of H2 reactions in acidic and alkaline media, review some of the most commonly used electrocatalysts and discuss different RFC chemistries developed at present.