India played a prominent role in the formulation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 and committed to achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the 169 associated targets, also known as Global Goals. These goals are integrated and comprehensively cover social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. To help achieve the goals, the Indian Government promotes multi-stakeholder engagements, national-to-global action plans, and public–private partnerships and it strives to harness Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) to accelerate progress. According to the fourth edition of the SDGs India Index and Dashboard 2023–24, the country’s overall SDG score reaching 71, up from 66 in 2020–21 and 60 in 2019–20, showing significant progress in areas like poverty eradication, decent work, economic growth, climate action, and life on land. The role of STI is a fundamental tool to balance social, economic, technological, and financial resources during the process of achieving these goals. The STI community can help drive progress on the SDGs in preparing and advising policies, searching for the innovations to address the local needs; and monitoring the progress and challenges. The interdisciplinary and convolution of SDGs brought engagement at many levels of detail and many levels of governance. The imperative for the STI community to support UN Agenda 2030 and the SDGs is clear but not easily put into practice. The inherent complexity of the SDGs and difficulty in rigorously evaluating their progress exacerbates this, as does the nature and organization of science and policy. The developed countries are well prepared and have an explicit STI strategy with a strong base of human and institutional capital, and effective government policies. However, most of the developing countries are still in the process to place effective strategies to use STI for their economic and social development to reach SDGs. Collaborative efforts, better coordination, and complementarity may change the trajectory and accelerate progress towards the achievement of SDGs.