Innovation in the blue and green sectors has proved to be a massive contributor in the advancement of the sectors at a global level. The use of emerging technologies changed the blue and green sectors into rapidly mushrooming and lucrative sectors. The blue and green sectors benefit from significant attention in small islands developing states, including Mauritius, as alternative economic approaches to tackle financial uncertainty and susceptibility. Mauritius has an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 2.3 million km2, including the Chagos region and a continental shelf of 396,000 km2 co-managed with the Republic of Seychelles, and agricultural land spanning over 42% of its total area. This offers the opportunity for exploratory endeavours to be launched in a bid to bolster the development of the blue and green sectors. These sectors therefore present high propensity to become a prominent economic pillar of Mauritius. The scope of the blue and green sectors is aligned with the sustainable development goals and the established national targets which focus on transforming Mauritius into a sustainable, inclusive, innovation-driven and high-income country. Innovation in the blue and green sectors represents a substantial opportunity for Mauritius. With innovation, it becomes possible to tap into the potential of our large EEZ, to diversify abandoned sugarcane fields, to increase the visibility of Mauritius through blue and green initiatives and to form regional, international and local partnerships to access innovative technologies and expertise. Innovation in the blue and green sectors will also help to address food security and climate change issues. This manuscript presents the current state of the blue and green sectors in Mauritius, including gaps and challenges, and technological needs. Several strategic orientations and actions are proposed as part of a roadmap to promote economic growth through research, innovation and commercialisation in the blue and green sectors of Mauritius.