This chapter introduces the concept of Long-term Care Needs (LTCNs) and examines the challenges they pose in the context of a globally aging population. LTCNs are defined as the requirements for assistance with daily living activities and medical support over extended periods, characterized by their often-indefinite duration, diverse service nature, and the variety of care settings required, ranging from home care to institutional facilities. The discussion highlights the multidimensional impact of LTCNs, including the emotional and psychological strain on patients and the significant financial and time burdens placed on caregivers and welfare systems. Furthermore, the chapter addresses how demographic shifts—such as increasing life expectancy, low fertility rates, and changing family structures—are intensifying the demand for effective care solutions. Finally, it outlines the book’s objective to compare Long-term Care Insurance (LTCI) systems and service delivery across different countries, aiming to identify best practices and policy recommendations for coping with the risks associated with an aging society.