This study investigates regional disparities in educational attainment across Vietnam using the Education Gini coefficient, a robust indicator of inequality in schooling achievement and distribution. Drawing on nationally representative data from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey (VHLSS) for the years 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020, the analysis evaluates educational inequality across Vietnam’s 63 provinces, with a specific focus on the urban–rural divide. Findings reveal a national decline in educational inequality, with the Gini coefficient falling from 0.325 in 2010 to 0.279 in 2020, reflecting progress in expanding access to basic education. However, provincial disparities remain stark. Provinces in the Red River Delta report the lowest inequality (e.g., Thai Binh: 0.137), while those in the Mekong River Delta exhibit the highest inequality (e.g., An Giang: 0.440). Urban areas show higher inequality than rural ones, largely due to unequal access to higher education. These findings underscore how geographical location, economic development, and education-financing structures interact to shape access to educational opportunities. The study highlights the need for regionally targeted policy measures, including increased investment in educational infrastructure, equitable funding mechanisms, and support for disadvantaged groups. By quantifying inequality at both regional and provincial levels, this research contributes to the evidence base for more inclusive and balanced educational development in Vietnam.