Air quality is one of the most pressing environmental challenges, influenced by socioeconomic development, natural conditions, and public policies. This study investigates the determinants of air quality across 63 provinces in Vietnam during the period 2012–2016, incorporating both spatial and temporal dimensions. The research replies on panel data regression techniques using multivariate models, including the Fixed Effects Model (FEM), Random Effects Model (REM), and Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (Pooled OLS) estimation methods, which assesses how various factors contribute to change in air quality. The dataset encompasses indicators from four main groups: economic (index of industrial production, foreign direct investment), social (urban population and population density), natural (forest cover ratio and seaboard provinces), and public policy (environmental protection law 2014). The empirical results reveal that the REM model is the most suitable to assess the factors affecting air quality. Concurrently, social and natural factors have the strongest effects on air quality, whereas economic factors and environmental policies demonstrate limited short-term influence. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers seeking to design more effective strategies for sustainable environmental management in Vietnam.