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The content of heavy metals (HMs) in soil has significantly risen owing to diverse natural processes and human activities. HMs toxicity significantly compromises worldwide agricultural productivity and efficiency, thereby affecting the yield potential of essential food crops. It disrupts the plant’s physiological functions, diminishes seed germination, induces oxidative stress, and obstructs the plant’s photosynthetic capacity. HMs from contaminated soils are absorbed by plants, which causes serious health problems for people who consume foods grown in these contaminated areas. Conventional methods for removing metal pollutants are time-, labour-, and capital-intensive, making them uneconomical and better replaced by new technologies. Agronomic interventions, such as phytoremediation with plants and microbial bioremediation with microorganisms, are effective methods for removing HMs from soil. Transgenic technology has been widely used to cope with HMs stress. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 has become the primary technique for genome editing owing to its economical nature and extensive application, significantly advancing sustainable practices. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of biotechnological methods and techniques for improving HMs tolerance.

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Crop Defence Mechanisms to Mitigate Heavy Metals and Metalloids Toxicity and Accumulation: Agronomic, Transgenic, and CRISPR-Cas9 Approaches

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Arun Kumar Shaw,
  • Zahed Hossain,
  • Jyoti Prakash Maity,
  • Chien-Yen Chen,
  • Gobinda Dey

摘要

The content of heavy metals (HMs) in soil has significantly risen owing to diverse natural processes and human activities. HMs toxicity significantly compromises worldwide agricultural productivity and efficiency, thereby affecting the yield potential of essential food crops. It disrupts the plant’s physiological functions, diminishes seed germination, induces oxidative stress, and obstructs the plant’s photosynthetic capacity. HMs from contaminated soils are absorbed by plants, which causes serious health problems for people who consume foods grown in these contaminated areas. Conventional methods for removing metal pollutants are time-, labour-, and capital-intensive, making them uneconomical and better replaced by new technologies. Agronomic interventions, such as phytoremediation with plants and microbial bioremediation with microorganisms, are effective methods for removing HMs from soil. Transgenic technology has been widely used to cope with HMs stress. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 has become the primary technique for genome editing owing to its economical nature and extensive application, significantly advancing sustainable practices. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of biotechnological methods and techniques for improving HMs tolerance.