Indian National Struggle was a long-waged battle against the conflict of socio-economic, political exploitation, subjugation and degradation of Indian society by its colonial masters. The colonial administration, for its expansionist endeavours, further concretised the internal contradictions in Indian society based on caste, class and religion. The Indian society hence had to uproot not only the outsiders but also hierarchical practices and prejudices in its own traditions to put up a united front. To counter this, many mechanisms such as revolutions sprang up during the two-century long radical, moderate, violent and non-violent struggles. However, among all these, the alternative to attain Swaraj as propagated by Gandhi stood its ground of non-violence and was successful. Gandhi’s resolutions were innovative yet sustainable, tailored specifically to suit India’s socio-economic and political realities. He tried to resolve the conflicts from their core and not merely as a temporary solution. More than relying on institutional and structural frameworks, his conflict resolution mechanism focused on the self-limiting character of individuals. His criticisms for liberal democratic order were based on his commitment towards creating a non-hierarchical society. Further, his apprehensions about the unethical code of conduct during the struggle were clearly visible when he called off the non-cooperation movement. The non-cooperation movement, which turned violent and masculinist in nature, made him realise the importance of bringing the other gender, i.e., the women, into the political space. Women, who were the embodiment of the cultural spirit of the nation, were perfect torch bearers of his non-violent, truth-seeking, all-inclusive, ethical yet radical model of conflict resolution. Women’s entry into national politics was largely to infuse the moral and humane elements in the national struggle as well as to make women realise their place in human evolution and be unquestioned leaders. He connected women with service and not with power-seeking barbarity. Unlike the dominant trend of subduing women because of their difference, Gandhi used the same difference approach to empower them. His invocation of mythological figures like Sita, Draupadi, and Damyanti was intended to convey a complex socio-political message. This spatial intervention of women in the political arena was not only a masterstroke but also theneed of the hour as majority of the leaders who were the face of the movement were in jail. At this juncture, women’s passivity and patience as self-sacrifice positively influenced efforts towardsconflict resolution and instilled a sense of nationalism and patriotism. This paper thus seeks to analyse this spatial intervention of women in the anti-colonial movement as an innovation in conflict resolution mechanisms used by Gandhi. Using the archival and contextual analysis method, this paper will also reflect on the merits and demerits of attributing passive roles to women of certain castes and classes. In the twenty-first century, Gandhi’s model suffers various challenges, such as the need for enabling multiple access points for women in the public sphere, among other issues, to increase active participation.

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A Gandhian Model of Conflict Resolution: Spatial Intervention by Women in the Indian National Movement

  • Shambhavi Mani,
  • Anoushka Parija

摘要

Indian National Struggle was a long-waged battle against the conflict of socio-economic, political exploitation, subjugation and degradation of Indian society by its colonial masters. The colonial administration, for its expansionist endeavours, further concretised the internal contradictions in Indian society based on caste, class and religion. The Indian society hence had to uproot not only the outsiders but also hierarchical practices and prejudices in its own traditions to put up a united front. To counter this, many mechanisms such as revolutions sprang up during the two-century long radical, moderate, violent and non-violent struggles. However, among all these, the alternative to attain Swaraj as propagated by Gandhi stood its ground of non-violence and was successful. Gandhi’s resolutions were innovative yet sustainable, tailored specifically to suit India’s socio-economic and political realities. He tried to resolve the conflicts from their core and not merely as a temporary solution. More than relying on institutional and structural frameworks, his conflict resolution mechanism focused on the self-limiting character of individuals. His criticisms for liberal democratic order were based on his commitment towards creating a non-hierarchical society. Further, his apprehensions about the unethical code of conduct during the struggle were clearly visible when he called off the non-cooperation movement. The non-cooperation movement, which turned violent and masculinist in nature, made him realise the importance of bringing the other gender, i.e., the women, into the political space. Women, who were the embodiment of the cultural spirit of the nation, were perfect torch bearers of his non-violent, truth-seeking, all-inclusive, ethical yet radical model of conflict resolution. Women’s entry into national politics was largely to infuse the moral and humane elements in the national struggle as well as to make women realise their place in human evolution and be unquestioned leaders. He connected women with service and not with power-seeking barbarity. Unlike the dominant trend of subduing women because of their difference, Gandhi used the same difference approach to empower them. His invocation of mythological figures like Sita, Draupadi, and Damyanti was intended to convey a complex socio-political message. This spatial intervention of women in the political arena was not only a masterstroke but also theneed of the hour as majority of the leaders who were the face of the movement were in jail. At this juncture, women’s passivity and patience as self-sacrifice positively influenced efforts towardsconflict resolution and instilled a sense of nationalism and patriotism. This paper thus seeks to analyse this spatial intervention of women in the anti-colonial movement as an innovation in conflict resolution mechanisms used by Gandhi. Using the archival and contextual analysis method, this paper will also reflect on the merits and demerits of attributing passive roles to women of certain castes and classes. In the twenty-first century, Gandhi’s model suffers various challenges, such as the need for enabling multiple access points for women in the public sphere, among other issues, to increase active participation.