Biological and human health responses to radiation exposure can be linear or non-linear, with or without a threshold dose. For ionizing radiation, research suggests that any dose of radiation carries some risk of inducing cancer, and this risk generally increases with the dose. In contrast, high doses of radiation may lead to acute health effects, including acute radiation syndrome (ARS), which becomes more severe at doses above approximately 0.75 Gray (Gy) (US EPA, 2025b). Lower doses, while less likely to cause immediate effects, can lead to long-term health risks, particularly an increased likelihood of cancer over time.