With the increasing complexity of agricultural supply chain, cold chain logistics has attracted much attention as a critical link to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products. This paper focuses on the research and application of cold chain logistics in agricultural supply chains, and discusses its key role in improving supply chain efficiency and guaranteeing the quality and safety. The paper reviews the current state of cold chain logistics in transportation and storage processes, identifying challenges such as insufficient technological adoption, underdeveloped information management systems, uneven distribution of cold chain resources, and limited research on low-temperature grain storage technologies. To address these issues, the study proposes strategies such as optimizing cold chain management systems, innovating with artificial intelligence technologies, and standardizing cold chain logistics protocols. The study recommends enhancing cold chain infrastructure, optimizing resource allocation, promoting multi-technology integration, refining standardization frameworks, and prioritizing professional talent development to advance the transition of agricultural supply chains toward greater efficiency, low-carbon practices, and intelligent operations. This research provides theoretical insights and practical guidance for optimizing and innovating cold chain logistics in agricultural supply chains.