The bruchids, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) and Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), are among the most destructive storage pests of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Their infestation leads to substantial quantitative and qualitative losses in stored seeds, severely compromising the grain’s nutritional value, viability, and marketability, thereby posing a significant threat to food security and agricultural economics. The application of chemical control strategies is associated with detrimental effects on environmental integrity and human health. Consequently, the development of bruchid-resistant mungbean cultivars through advanced breeding techniques represents not only a more sustainable and eco-friendly strategy but also a major objective in contemporary legume improvement programs. This review highlights the progress in molecular breeding approaches for bruchid resistance in mungbean. Several resistant germplasm resources, including wild species like TC1966 and ACC41, and cultivated varieties such as V2709 and V1128, have been identified. Genetic mapping has revealed key resistance genes, such as the Br gene in TC1966 and QTLs like qBr5.1 in ACC41, which are tightly linked to molecular markers, facilitating efficient selection. The characterization of novel alleles in specific genes, particularly VrPGIP1 and VrPGIP2 which encode polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins, has elucidated key aspects of the molecular mechanism conferring bruchid resistance in mungbean. These findings have facilitated the application of marker-assisted selection (MAS), effectively accelerating the development of resistant mungbean cultivars. These advancements not only reduce reliance on chemical controls but also contribute to sustainable agriculture and improved food security. Future efforts should focus on applying these findings in breeding programs and exploring new resistance sources to ensure long-term effectiveness.