Mungbean (Vigna radiata), a nutritionally rich legume extensively cultivated in Asia, has tremendous potential for sustainable agriculture due to its short growth cycle, nitrogen-fixing capabilities, and adaptability to varied temperatures. Traditional breeding methods have improved mungbean varieties but are hampered by a narrow genetic basis, complicated multi-gene characteristics, and susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stressors, hampering efficient trait development. This chapter discusses the transformative impact of modern genomic techniques, particularly whole genome sequencing (WGS) and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, in overcoming these hurdles. WGS has explained mungbean’s genomic architecture, finding essential genes for features such as bruchid resistance, powdery mildew resistance, seed size, and plant architecture, while transcriptomics has revealed molecular responses to stressors. CRISPR/Cas9, successfully employed in model legumes and food crops, allows precise phenotypic modification, building on knowledge translatable to mungbean. However, problems such as transformation recalcitrance and off-target consequences limit progress. Low transformation efficiencies (e.g., 4.2% in cotyledonary nodes) and regeneration challenges need creative techniques, including tissue-specific promoters, high-fidelity Cas9 variants, and alternative delivery mechanisms such as ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) and viral vectors. Optimizing guide RNA design, utilizing base and prime editing, and harnessing growth-promoting factors further boost editing precision and efficiency. Virus-mediated and nanotechnology-based techniques give transgene-free options, boosting heredity. By merging these breakthroughs with traditional breeding, mungbean improvement can be hastened, creating durable, high-yielding variants to address global food security needs. This analysis underlines the necessity for continuing research to fully utilize these technologies for mungbean’s sustainable genetic improvement.