The two most significant worldwide challenges affecting ecosystems, particularly in dry regions with limited water supplies, are urbanization and climate change. Due to rapid urbanization and socioeconomic growth, several Middle Eastern nations rely heavily on desalination to meet their water needs. This study highlights the urgent importance of sustainable water management techniques by examining the effects of urbanization and climate change on Saudi Arabia’s water resources. The study examines the relationship between population growth and a number of water pollution indicators from 2017 to 2023 using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. It finds that dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and total suspended solids (TSS) have significant positive correlations. With a high prediction accuracy (R = 0.98), a neural network model demonstrated its ability to impact decisions on water quality management. The findings demonstrate the importance of ongoing monitoring and adaptable management in addressing water quality issues, particularly in view of expanding population demands. Future research should focus on expanding data sources, improving modeling techniques, and promoting public involvement to ensure sustainable water resource management in the region.