In Volume 1, we studied separatism at the level of provinces. A key question was: How can the central government keep the various components united? There is a kind of competition between feelings of allegiance and the temptation of independence. The problem is that neither the feelings of allegiance nor the aspirations to independence can be measured directly. Both are states of mind which can only be identified through their effect on social behavior; quantification is even more difficult than mere identification.