Study of Whole Mounts of Early Developmental Stages of Chick from 13 Hours to 96 Hours (Hamburger and Hamilton Stages)
摘要
The chick embryo has long been established as a classical vertebrate model in developmental biology, offering accessibility, ease of manipulation, and close parallels to mammalian embryogenesis. Developmental progression of the chick embryo is best described by the Hamburger–Hamilton (HH) staging system (1951), which defines 46 stages based on morphological features. This practical study focuses on chick embryos incubated for 13–96 hours (HH3–HH24). During these stages, students can examine whole-mount prepared slides to identify characteristic features such as the primitive streak, Hensen’s node, somite formation, neural tube closure, brain vesicle differentiation, blood island formation, visceral arches, limb buds, and body flexures. Early embryos are small, soft, and transparent, enabling complete visualization of spatial relationships between developing structures. Whole mounts, prepared through fixation, staining, dehydration, and mounting, provide permanent teaching and research specimens. The exercise familiarizes students with staging criteria and enhances their ability to correlate morphological features with embryonic processes. Beyond teaching, the chick embryo remains an invaluable model for experimental embryology, developmental genetics, and toxicological research. Its large size, external development, year-round availability, and low cost make it especially suited for laboratory investigations. Applications range from the study of neural, limb, and cardiovascular development to assessing teratogenic and toxic effects of compounds. Thus, the chick embryo continues to bridge classical embryology with modern developmental biology.