Climate changes are transforming ecological and molecular determinants of the risk of viral diseases in vegetable crops. The interactions among increasing temperatures, altered rainfall, elevated CO2 and ozone, and increased extreme weather events, along with the biology of vectors, host physiology, and viral evolution, result in the development of disease pressure. The presence of warmer temperatures and less severe winters increases the range and activity of the most important insect vectors, such as aphids, whiteflies, and thrips, shortens their development cycles, and multiplies the number of generations. There are also disturbances like droughts, floods, and storms, which further alter the availability of hosts and the movement of vectors, exposing the crops to vulnerable vectors with the virulence factor that are in excess. These environmental changes are paralleled by the non-linear behavioral modifications in vectors, such as a change in probing and feeding behavior due to virus-mediated changes in plant signals. Direct effects on the virus replication process include temperature stress, which alters stability and mutation rates and provides opportunities for recombination and the production of variants able to overcome the initial resistance. The alteration of host-specific plant hormone signaling, RNA silencing, proteostasis, and microbiome structure brought by climate change can either facilitate vulnerability or offer conditional tolerance. The case studies of TYLCV, TSWV, ToBRFV, and the recent cucurbit and solanaceous viruses demonstrate high rates of disease outbreak in relation to the expansion of vectors, collapse of resistance, and insufficient sanitation. Addressing these compound risks will necessitate system-level adjustments, which consist of an integrated pest and vector management, clean seed systems, enhanced diagnostics, genomic surveillance, and breeding approaches that incorporate thermotolerance with broad-spectrum resistance. Further development requires mechanistic climate-pathogen-vector research, predictive modeling, and socio-economic studies to aid in the implementation of robust practices.