The high lipid and protein content of algal biomass offers a promising pathway for sustainable biofuel production through the pyrolysis of microalgae. This chapter presents a comprehensive distinction between catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis processes, emphasizing their effects on the quality and yield of the final product. The physicochemical properties, elemental composition, and energy content of the primary pyrolysis products, that is, bio-oil, biochar, and syngas, were discussed. In the context of bio-oil, the role of several catalysts, such as zeolites and metal oxides, was demonstrated in terms of their ability to improve hydrocarbon selectivity, reduced nitrogenous and acidic compounds, and enhanced deoxygenation. Furthermore, the chapter discussed the role of process parameters, including temperature, heating rate, and residence time, which have a substantial impact on product distribution. An economic perspective was presented in this chapter to analyze the capital and operational costs of catalytic and non-catalytic systems. The chapter concludes by discussing current challenges, research gaps, and prospective directions for expanding microalgae-based pyrolysis technologies within a circular bioeconomy framework.