The arteries that run throughout the body supply oxygen and nutrients to cells, the basic building blocks of life. The arteries are composed of multiple cells, such as vascular endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, and extracellular matrices, such as elastic fibers and collagen fibers. To sustain healthy life activities, maintaining the normal structure of the arteries is essential. Recent research shows that several factors are closely associated with the arterial structure degenerations that lead to the development of arterial diseases, including arteriosclerosis (atherosclerosis and medial calcification), abdominal aortic aneurysm, and triglyceride accumulation, myocardial vasculopathy. Among the factors related to arterial diseases, diet has been identified as a modifiable risk factor, and epidemiological studies have reported that the Mediterranean diet and Japanese diet, which contain a lot of seafood and vegetables, can reduce the risk of arterial disease. To understand the relationship between arterial diseases and nutrition, this chapter summarizes factors related to arterial disease, including the anatomy of arteries, epidemiological studies, and animal models used in basic research.