Skeletal muscles play not only physiological roles such as glucose and lipid metabolism, but also physical roles such as maintaining posture and physical mobility. A decrease in the quantity and quality of skeletal muscle increases the risk of developing locomotive syndrome, in which movement disorders reduce the body’s mobility, and metabolic syndrome, in which obesity is accompanied by high blood pressure or hyperglycemia. Therefore, measures to promote skeletal muscle health have attracted attention because maintaining and improving the quantity and quality of skeletal muscle contributes to living a healthy lifestyle. Exercise and diet are the best interventions for maintaining and improving skeletal muscle health. In this chapter, we first present information on epidemiological studies that provide insights into the usefulness of vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids in skeletal muscle quantity and quality and exercise performance. Next, this chapter introduces the molecular mechanisms by which vitamin A and provitamin A positively regulate skeletal muscle quantity and quality in terms of suppressing muscle atrophy and promoting muscle hypertrophy using model animals and cultured cells. Furthermore, we present findings on the association between vitamin A metabolism and exercise performance.