High-resolution manometry (HRM)High-resolution manometry (HRM) is the gold standard for diagnosing esophageal motility disorders; however, access to HRM remains limited in clinical practice. In contrast, esophagography is simple, widely available, and useful for evaluating patients with dysphagia or noncardiac chest pain. This chapter presents representative cases of esophageal motility disordersEsophageal motility disorders, particularly achalasia and hypercontractile esophagus (jackhammer esophagus)Hypercontractile esophagus (Jackhammer esophagus), in which characteristic findings can be inferred from esophagographyEsophagography and endoscopy. The role of esophagography in confirming therapeutic efficacy after per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM)Per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is also highlighted. For accurate diagnosis and management of esophageal motility disordersEsophageal motility disorders, clinicians should integrate HRM with an understanding of esophagographic and endoscopic findings.