Neurogastroenterology is the field of study that investigates how the bidirectional relationship between the nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract contributes to human health and disease. The largest components of the nervous system are the brain and spinal cord, which constitute the central nervous system (CNS). The gastrointestinal tract contains the enteric nervous system (ENS), which regulates gastrointestinal sensation and motility. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) mediates between the CNS and ENS, linking the brain and gut through neural pathways. Furthermore, physiologically active substances such as hormones and cytokines, as well as immune cells, are secreted or increased primarily by both the nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract and affect whole body via systemic circulation. Disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) are internationally diagnosed with Rome IV or coming Rome V criteria and defined as disorders characterized by chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms that are not attributable to detectable organic disorders on routine clinical testing. DGBI are being addressed through a multidisciplinary approach involving gastrointestinal physiology, brain imaging, immunology, microbiology, genetics, clinical epidemiology, and biopsychosocial medicine. These disorders are expected to occupy an increasingly important position in the field of gastroenterology and general medicine.