With the rapid development of generative AI technology, its application in the field of education has gradually attracted attention. Generative AI is profoundly changing the traditional teaching model and learning process through functions such as natural language processing, image generation, and creative content creation. Based on the perspective of the multi-storage model of memory, this paper explores the impact of generative AI on the learning process and analyzes its positive and negative effects in learning. The study found that generative AI technology can not only improve learning efficiency, promote personalized learning and the cultivation of high-order thinking ability, but also may lead to over-dependence, false confidence and negative learning attitude. With the widespread application of generative AI technology in education, teachers should balance the use of technological tools with the cultivation of students’ autonomous learning ability when designing teaching activities to avoid the abuse and misuse of AI tools. This paper also discusses the ethical and legal issues of AI in education and emphasizes the responsibilities and challenges of educators in the face of AI technology. In short, generative AI technology brings great potential to education, but it is also accompanied by a series of challenges. Educators need to respond cautiously to ensure that AI technology promotes the all-round development of students while avoiding its possible negative effects.