Aiming at the problem of early failure of ceramic insulators caused by low temperature degradation of cement adhesive in alpine region, this paper constructs a damage model of bonding failure based on energy balance principle and CDP plastic damage theory, and reveals the stress concentration mechanism of bonding interface. On this basis, a double route ratio optimization scheme of ‘ silica fume active filling ‘ and ‘ superplasticizer reducing water-cement ratio ‘ was proposed, and a cyclic freeze-thaw test under extreme low temperature conditions was designed to comprehensively evaluate the mechanical properties and volume stability of the modified adhesive. The results showed that the compressive strength and flexural strength of the adhesive increased by about 35% and 38% respectively after the addition of silica fume, while the volume expansion rate of the adhesive decreased by about 53%, and the compressive strength and flexural strength increased by about 23% and 16% respectively after the optimization of water reducing agent. The optimized proportioning scheme effectively suppresses the interfacial crack propagation and improves the durability and service reliability of the adhesive in extremely cold environments.