To improve the accuracy of delamination damage prediction in composite laminates under low-velocity impact, three distinct delamination failure criteria were selected. The low-velocity impact process was numerically simulated using ANSYS finite element analysis software, and the impact damage morphology of the laminates was obtained. The simulation results were compared with experimental data. The findings demonstrate that the Yeh delamination failure criterion exhibits significant prediction errors (exceeding 30%), whereas the Weng delamination criterion and the modified Hou delamination criterion provide accurate predictions, with errors remaining within 7%. Notably, the Weng criterion overestimates damage areas relative to experimental values, while the modified Hou criterion yields conservative predictions. Additionally, this study validates the capability of the developed numerical simulation model to reliably predict low-velocity impact damage in composite laminates.