Cancer treatment has long represented a critical global health challenge. In recent years, the continuous advancement of nanotechnology has driven significant progress in nanoparticle-mediated cancer therapeutic strategies. These nanomedicines, distinguished by their unique pharmacological, biochemical, and physicochemical properties, demonstrate targeted and efficient action at tumor sites, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing damage to normal cells. Among these approaches, nanoparticle-mediated dynamic therapy constitutes an innovative approach to tumor treatment that leverages the tumor microenvironment or external stimuli to activate nanomedicines, thereby generating cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) for tumor-specific treatment. Dynamic therapy is highly selective and tumor-specific, with minimal systemic toxicity, and has attracted considerable attention from the international medical community. This chapter highlights recent advancements in nanoparticle-mediated microwave dynamic therapy aimed at developing cutting-edge cancer treatment approaches based on nanotechnology. Nanoparticles can accumulate in tumor regions via either passive or active targeting mechanisms and can induce both microwave thermal and dynamic effects under microwave irradiation. The integration of microwave thermal therapy and microwave dynamic therapy in cancer treatment has been explored. Specifically engineered nanoparticles have demonstrated remarkable therapeutic outcomes across various tumor models, offering promising modalities for clinical cancer treatment.