Cancer photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted considerable interest from researchers in the field of oncology due to its potential for localized, minimally invasive, and trigger-activated therapeutic effects. In this modality, nanoparticles that absorb light and convert light energy into heat have demonstrated promising outcomes in various preclinical and clinical assays. These nanoparticles can specifically ablate tumors and inhibit tumor growth through localized hyperthermia. A range of nanoparticles composed of diverse materials and nanostructures has been developed and employed in PTT. In this chapter, we discuss the fabrication and application of the most commonly utilized nanoparticles available today for cancer PTT. We introduce the unique physicochemical properties of these nanoparticles and the primary classifications of photothermal conversion mechanisms. Additionally, we describe the general synthetic procedures and morphological regulation of nanoparticles while further illustrating their significant applications in PTT. Finally, we address the future challenges and biological safety concerns associated with the utilization of these intelligent nanoparticles.