In response to the demand for low-carbon transformation in rail transit systems, this paper systematically reviews key technologies and advances in renewable energy-based hydrogen production, storage, and applications for hydrogen-powered rail vehicles from the perspective of wind-solar-hydrogen energy supply. By analyzing suitable scenarios for electrolysis hydrogen production technologies, discussing synergistic hydrogen storage system architectures, and conducting in-depth research on hybrid fuel cell configurations, thermal management optimization, energy recovery efficiency enhancement, and the integrated coupling mechanism of “generation -grid-load-storage,” this study synthesizes critical insights. By establishing a multi-level collaborative architecture for hydrogen-electricity bidirectional conversion, this study proposes a deep-coupling mechanism integrating renewable energy with hydrogen energy storage, thereby achieving closed-loop management across the entire energy chain from production and storage to utilization. Drawing on practical experiences from demonstration projects, it highlights key challenges such as electrolyzer durability, hydrogen storage density, and system costs, offering technical insights for large-scale hydrogen use in rail transit, full-chain decarbonization, and cross-scenario adaptation.