With the transformation of the global energy structure, hydrogen-powered rail transit vehicles are gradually emerging as a form of urban public transportation due to their zero-emission advantages. The operational safety of hydrogen-powered rail transit vehicles is a crucial prerequisite for their commercial application. However, the unique physicochemical properties of hydrogen pose potential safety risks during operation, such as leakage and combustion/explosion hazards. This paper conducts an in-depth analysis of safety hazards in hydrogen storage, transportation, refueling, and vehicle operation processes, examines current relevant safety accident cases, and proposes a series of measures, including establishing a sound safety management system, strengthening personnel training, enhancing equipment and facility management, improving emergency management plans, and advancing safety technology improvements. The aim is to enhance the operational safety of hydrogen-powered rail transit vehicles and promote their sustainable development.