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Discoloration of light-emitting diodes (LED) lenses and encapsulation caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from Surface Mount Technology (SMT) assembly processes significantly reduces light output, efficiency and shortens lifespan. This research describes the synthesis and characterization of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles that can be incorporated into the LED packaging as a potential solution to suppress or eliminate discoloration caused by VOCs. The ZnO nanoparticles are fabricated in the form of a thin film on the insulated surface of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) coated glass slides and characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) mapping as well as electrochemically through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), allowing us to tailor the properties of the nanoparticles to meet the product integration and performance requirements. Through these characterisations, Solution 4, a 1:1 combination of Solution 1 (control sample of Zn + IPA) and Solution 2 (Zn + Propyl Propionate) demonstrated the most promising properties. It achieved a homogeneous solution without agglomeration, a dense ZnO nanoparticle distribution (36 wt.%), grain size of less than 80 nm (26 nm), coating thickness of less than 400 nm (approximately 130 nm) and absorbance of less than 0.15 AU (0.015 AU). Moreover, the correlation between the electrochemical properties and photocatalytic capabilities is also proven through estimation of the diameter of the semicircle fitting on the Nyquist plot which shows Solution 4 having the smallest diameter of 20KΩ, thus translates to it demonstrating excellent photocatalytic capabilities, while taking all other aspects into consideration, followed by Solution 1, 3, and 2. Ultimately, this study provides valuable insights into potential solutions for VOC-induced discoloration in LED components, emphasising the effectiveness of the ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via the sol-gel method using Isopropanol and Propyl Propionate as solvent in mitigating these issues.

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Synthesis and Characterisation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced LED Packaging

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Xiao Ke Gabriel Tan,
  • Ten Sang Ong,
  • Sivainesh Devi Remesh,
  • Sathaniswarman Remesh,
  • Veeradasan Perumal,
  • Saravanan Karupannan

摘要

Discoloration of light-emitting diodes (LED) lenses and encapsulation caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from Surface Mount Technology (SMT) assembly processes significantly reduces light output, efficiency and shortens lifespan. This research describes the synthesis and characterization of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles that can be incorporated into the LED packaging as a potential solution to suppress or eliminate discoloration caused by VOCs. The ZnO nanoparticles are fabricated in the form of a thin film on the insulated surface of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) coated glass slides and characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) mapping as well as electrochemically through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), allowing us to tailor the properties of the nanoparticles to meet the product integration and performance requirements. Through these characterisations, Solution 4, a 1:1 combination of Solution 1 (control sample of Zn + IPA) and Solution 2 (Zn + Propyl Propionate) demonstrated the most promising properties. It achieved a homogeneous solution without agglomeration, a dense ZnO nanoparticle distribution (36 wt.%), grain size of less than 80 nm (26 nm), coating thickness of less than 400 nm (approximately 130 nm) and absorbance of less than 0.15 AU (0.015 AU). Moreover, the correlation between the electrochemical properties and photocatalytic capabilities is also proven through estimation of the diameter of the semicircle fitting on the Nyquist plot which shows Solution 4 having the smallest diameter of 20KΩ, thus translates to it demonstrating excellent photocatalytic capabilities, while taking all other aspects into consideration, followed by Solution 1, 3, and 2. Ultimately, this study provides valuable insights into potential solutions for VOC-induced discoloration in LED components, emphasising the effectiveness of the ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via the sol-gel method using Isopropanol and Propyl Propionate as solvent in mitigating these issues.