Anthrax, a zoonotic infectious disease stemming from the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, continues to pose a significant threat to animal and human populations. This chapter delivers a comprehensive overview of anthrax, encompassing its etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The chapter focuses on the life cycle of Bacillus anthracis, highlighting its capacity to produce robust spores that enhance its environmental resilience. It also presents various modes of anthrax transmission, direct contact with diseased animals or their derivatives, inhalation of spores, and consumption of contaminated foodstuffs. This chapter also defines the potential misuse of anthrax as a bioweapon, underlining the necessity for inclusive surveillance and preparedness measures. Additionally, the text explores preventive strategies, encompassing vaccination programs for livestock and high-risk populations, as well as approaches for environmental decontamination and post-exposure prophylaxis.