Oral diseases pose a significant health challenge globally due to health and socioeconomic burdens that impair the overall quality of life for those affected. These implications compromise the effective treatment due to constant environmental insults, microbial colonization, poor mucosal retention, and enzymatic degradation that sometimes lead to the recurrence of the symptoms. Oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontitis, oral lichen planus, oral mucositis, and mouth ulcers hinder the oral functions as well as contribute to systemic inflammation and social discomfort. These are often worsened by limitations of conventional therapeutic approaches. To overcome these limitations, in situ gellable hydrogels undergoing sol-gel transition emerged as effective therapeutic approaches for the treatment of deep cavities and lesions of the oral mucosa. In situ gellable hydrogels undergo sol-to-gel transition in response to physiological triggers such as pH, temperature, solvent exchange, and ionic interactions in the oral cavity, facilitating the drug delivery in a localized, sustained, and controlled fashion. These systems not only promote the mucosal residence time but also increase the drug penetration, reduce dosing frequency, and improve patient compliance. This chapter presented a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology of oral disease and emphasizes the recent advancements in the field of stimuli-responsive in situ gellable hydrogels highlighting their potential to revolutionize the oral disease management.