Integration and Multiplexing of Electrochemical Sensors
摘要
Depending on the application, simultaneous multiplexed sensing of different target analytes or the same analytes at different locations is required. A straightforward approach to detecting analytes via redox reactions entails the integration of individually addressable multiple working electrodes. However, a challenge arises from the increasing number of leads and contact pads, which occupy a significant portion of the chip. This issue can be addressed by arranging the electrodes in matrix configurations that share common leads and contact pads. This technique is particularly effective in redox cycling. By connecting two groups of generator and collector electrodes with common leads arranged in rows and columns, only the electrodes at the intersection points predominantly contribute to current generation, while currents from other sensing sites remain negligible. The matrix configuration is also applicable to three-electrode systems by organizing rows and columns of working, reference, and auxiliary electrodes with separated solutions. Bipolar electrochemistry offers another strategy for multiplexed detection. As bipolar electrodes are electrically isolated from external instruments and have simple rectangular stripe geometries, a large number of them can be easily integrated in a compact form. This technique is also effective for imaging the progress of redox reactions. Light-addressable electrochemical sensors provide an alternative method for multiplexed detection. Multiple sensing sites can be easily realized via light projection by using a planar sensing plate without requiring patterned electrodes.