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Abiotic stressors, including drought, salt, temperature extremes, heavy metals, and UV radiation, seriously endanger global food security by restricting plant growth and productivity. Conventional management systems frequently lack efficacy, scalability, and environmental sustainability. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) emerge as a viable, eco-friendly nanotechnological option to boost plant resilience against these varied challenges. Derived from the natural biopolymer chitosan, CNPs exhibit superior qualities compared to bulk chitosan, including enhanced bioavailability, a greater surface area, improved stability, and a programmable surface charge. These nanoparticles alleviate abiotic stress through multifaceted mechanisms: fortifying antioxidant enzyme systems [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduce oxidative damage; modulating osmotic adjustment via proline and soluble sugar accumulation; maintaining ion homeostasis (e.g., improving K⁺/Na⁺ ratios under salinity); regulating stress-responsive gene expression and hormone signaling [abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA)]; and facilitating the targeted delivery of bioactive compounds. CNPs demonstrate substantial efficacy across many stress contexts, improving water-use efficiency under drought, reducing ion toxicity in salinity, stabilizing membranes and proteins under temperature stress, chelating heavy metals, and boosting UV-protective metabolite accumulation. Innovative delivery tactics, including foliar sprays, seed priming, and controlled-release formulations, enhance their application. Synergistic efforts combining CNPs with microbial inoculants or other nanomaterials further boost multi-stress tolerance. While issues related to uniform synthesis, dosage optimization, large-scale manufacturing, and environmental biosafety require consideration, CNPs offer a sustainable and potent tool for future agricultural applications. Their integration with molecular technologies and precision agriculture holds tremendous potential for generating climate-resilient crops and guaranteeing food security in a changing environment.

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Emerging Trends in Chitosan Nanoparticles for Abiotic Stress Management

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Mehdi Rahimi,
  • Sandip Debnath

摘要

Abiotic stressors, including drought, salt, temperature extremes, heavy metals, and UV radiation, seriously endanger global food security by restricting plant growth and productivity. Conventional management systems frequently lack efficacy, scalability, and environmental sustainability. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) emerge as a viable, eco-friendly nanotechnological option to boost plant resilience against these varied challenges. Derived from the natural biopolymer chitosan, CNPs exhibit superior qualities compared to bulk chitosan, including enhanced bioavailability, a greater surface area, improved stability, and a programmable surface charge. These nanoparticles alleviate abiotic stress through multifaceted mechanisms: fortifying antioxidant enzyme systems [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduce oxidative damage; modulating osmotic adjustment via proline and soluble sugar accumulation; maintaining ion homeostasis (e.g., improving K⁺/Na⁺ ratios under salinity); regulating stress-responsive gene expression and hormone signaling [abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA)]; and facilitating the targeted delivery of bioactive compounds. CNPs demonstrate substantial efficacy across many stress contexts, improving water-use efficiency under drought, reducing ion toxicity in salinity, stabilizing membranes and proteins under temperature stress, chelating heavy metals, and boosting UV-protective metabolite accumulation. Innovative delivery tactics, including foliar sprays, seed priming, and controlled-release formulations, enhance their application. Synergistic efforts combining CNPs with microbial inoculants or other nanomaterials further boost multi-stress tolerance. While issues related to uniform synthesis, dosage optimization, large-scale manufacturing, and environmental biosafety require consideration, CNPs offer a sustainable and potent tool for future agricultural applications. Their integration with molecular technologies and precision agriculture holds tremendous potential for generating climate-resilient crops and guaranteeing food security in a changing environment.