India’s engagement with Afghanistan has been a complex process, influenced by historical ties, regional geopolitics, and internal Afghan dynamics. The resurgence of the Taliban poses a dilemma for India, potentially jeopardising its investments and strategic interests. Afghanistan’s fragmented social structure and history of external interference have hindered state-building efforts. India’s historical connections with Afghanistan date back to ancient times, with the region serving as a gateway for invasions. Post-partition, India maintained ties with Kabul, supporting it during the Cold War. After 9/11, India actively participated in Afghanistan’s reconstruction, investing significantly in infrastructure and development. Currently, India faces concerns regarding the Taliban’s ties with Pakistan-based terror groups and the potential rise in drug trafficking. However, India maintains communication which is crucial due to its economic interests and the presence of Afghan nationals in India. Engagement with various power bases within Afghanistan is necessary for India to safeguard its interests and contribute to regional stability.