The temporal bones are paired skull bones forming parts of the lateral skull and base, and are divided into squamous, mastoid, petrous, tympanic, and styloid parts. The squamous part forms the lateral skull wall and zygomatic arch, while the mastoid part contains air cells and the mastoid antrum communicating with the middle ear. The petrous part houses the inner ear and major neurovascular structures, including the internal auditory canal, carotid canal, and jugular foramen. The tympanic part forms most of the bony external auditory canal, which is S-shaped and partly cartilaginous and partly bony. The tympanic membrane separates the external and middle ear and is divided into pars tensa and pars flaccida. The middle ear is an air-filled cavity divided into epitympanum, mesotympanum, and hypotympanum, with six walls and containing the ossicles. The ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. The facial nerve traverses the temporal bone through labyrinthine, tympanic, and mastoid segments before exiting at the stylomastoid foramen. The inner ear consists of the bony and membranous labyrinths, which are responsible for hearing and balance. The external, middle, and inner ear develop from branchial arches, pharyngeal pouch, and otic placode, with ossification and pneumatization continuing after birth.