Women’s participation in the labour market remains significantly low in developing countries like India, especially in urban areas. Research points to a mix of supply- and demand-side factors behind this pattern. Social norms, domestic and care duties, income and education effects, limited suitable job options, unsafe or unfriendly work environments, all play a role. Measurement issues and underreporting of women’s work in official statistics add to the challenge. This Chapter examines these factors using a large primary survey carried out by IHD in Delhi in 2021–22, covering 10,173 households. The survey found a much higher female participation rate than Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), suggesting substantial undercounting. Many women engaged in home-based or part-time work were excluded due to narrow definitions. Around one-fifth of non-working women expressed a willingness to work. The findings underline the need for improved survey methods, supportive policies, and inclusive job opportunities.