Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) of the central nervous system (CNS) are significant public health challenges due to their progressive nature and devastating effects on cognitive and motor function. This chapter emphasizes the critical role of animal models in understanding the mechanisms and therapeutic targets associated with these diseases. By utilizing various approaches, including transgenic and pharmacological models, researchers have gained essential insights into the biological processes underlying NDDs, such as protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction. The use of these models allows for the investigation of disease progression, potential therapeutic interventions, and the evaluation of new treatments in a controlled environment. The chapter also briefly discusses advancements in mathematical and computational methods that enhance the interpretation of experimental data from these models, paving the way for more effective translational research. Overall, the findings underscore the value of animal models in advancing therapeutic strategies and improving treatment outcomes for individuals affected by NDDs.