This study investigated the corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete patch repairs by evaluating the effects of binder type, cover depth, corrosion protection methods, and environmental exposure. Cube specimens with embedded steel bars and cover depths of 3 and 5 cm were prepared using Portland Pozzolan Cement (PPC) and Portland Composite Cement (PCC). Corrosion was assessed using the half-cell potential method. PCC demonstrated better corrosion resistance than PPC, attributed to its higher CaO content, which enhances strength and lowers permeability. A 5 cm cover depth significantly reduced chloride ingress. Using seawater as mixing water increased corrosion risk, especially under wet and dry–wet cycles. Among the protection methods, surface concrete coating was most effective, as it sealed pores and limited moisture and oxygen ingress. Steel coatings offered some protection but were less consistent. Dry exposure conditions showed the lowest corrosion activity. The findings highlight the importance of material selection, cover depth, and protective coatings in enhancing concrete durability.