The influence of global warming on future building energy consumption has emerged as a critical research topic globally. However, existing studies often lack a quantitative analysis addressing the relationship between urban land-sea distribution and building energy consumption, as well as future projections. This research aims to fill this gap. Utilizing the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), this study predicts meteorological data and building energy consumption across sixty Chinese cities, which span various climate zones and land-sea distributions, for the 2050s and 2080s. The findings indicate that urban land-sea distribution significantly affects future meteorological conditions, including heating and cooling demands, and overall annual energy consumption. Under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) 3–7.0 scenario, compared to baseline levels, energy consumption in the cold zone is expected to decrease by approximately 4.8% by the 2050s, whereas it will increase by 13% in the hot summer and cold winter zones. By the 2080s, the projected values are expected to increase to 5.4% and 21.5%, respectively. Building on these projections, this research adopts a dimensionless analytical framework to quantify the relative variations in land–sea distribution and their influence on building energy consumption. A dedicated model is established to capture the relationship between land–sea distribution patterns and both present and future annual energy demand in buildings. The goodness of fit for the base year ranges from 0.61 to 0.98, with a goodness of fit of approximately 0.78 to 0.95 under the SSP3-7.0 scenario in the 2050s, and around 0.69 to 0.94 in the 2080s. The findings serve as a fundamental reference for guiding urban development strategies, promoting energy-efficient architectural design, and supporting evidence-based policy formulation.