Nanotechnology has the potential to transform plant science by improving adaptability, sustainability, and agricultural productivity. By incorporating nanoscale materials into plant systems, new approaches to environmental monitoring, insect control, and nutrient delivery are made possible. In addition to improving the efficiency of nutrient utilization, nano-pesticides and nanocarriers enable targeted agrochemical application, which lowers input prices and pollution levels. Furthermore, by enabling the early detection of biotic and abiotic stressors, nanosensors offer real-time insights into plant health. Despite these opportunities, the use of nanomaterials (NMs) in agriculture presents challenges related to toxicity, bioaccumulation, environmental fate, and potential impacts on plant physiology. Understanding the interactions between nanoparticles and plants, encompassing absorption, translocation, and chemical reactions, is crucial for optimizing advantages while minimizing hazards. According to recent developments, nanotechnology can effectively improve plant growth, stress tolerance, and seed germination; nevertheless, thorough field testing and long-term safety evaluations are still scarce. The development of standardized criteria for safe and efficient use necessitates a multidisciplinary approach combining regulatory agencies, nanotechnologists, and plant scientists. As the field of nanotechnology in plant science develops, it offers both exciting opportunities and significant challenges that must be overcome to ensure responsible innovation for global agricultural sustainability. These challenges include assessing current applications critically, identifying research gaps, and highlighting future perspectives.