Nanomaterials like carbon nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles offer promising solutions to improve the efficacy, sustainability, and economic viability of bioenergy resources on an industrial scale. Their tunable features like high surface area, small size, enhanced stability, good catalytic activity, and adsorption capacity enable advanced biomass conversion, biofuel production, hydrogen generation, and hence, waste valorization. Looking through industrial and environmental lenses, nanomaterials support green chemical, cleaner, and scalable processes with higher yields, reducing carbon footprints, energy use, and waste. Economically speaking, nanomaterials lower production costs, create new market avenues, and socially, contribute to job creation, rural energy access, and advancement of the Sustainable Development Goals. This chapter explores the industrial applications, environmental benefits, and wider socio-economic impacts of nanomaterials in production of bioenergy, while addressing challenges and outlining future opportunities in this area.