Empowering the Invisible: A Case of Domestic Workers in Delhi
摘要
Domestic workers in Delhi constitute a significant yet often marginalized segment of the workforce, facing numerous challenges, including low wages, long hours, and lack of legal protections. “Under the ILO Convention 189, a domestic worker is any person engaged in domestic work within an employment relationship. A domestic worker can be employed full-time or part-time, work for a single household or multiple employers, and either reside in the employer’s home (live-in) or live independently in her own residence (live-out).” The market demand for domestic help in Delhi has surged due to rapid urbanization, rising middle-class affluence, and the increasing participation of women in the formal workforce. However, domestic work remains unregulated, leading to meagre pay, extended working hours, lack of formal contracts and absence of job security, and vulnerability to exploitation (Ray and Qayum Cultures of servitude: Modernity, domesticity, and class in India. Stanford University Press 2009). Domestic workers are often labelled as “servants,” “maids,” or “bai,” reinforcing feelings of insecurity and inferiority. Such terminology contributes to the undignified perception of their roles. In addition, domestic workers often experience exploitation, being denied fair pay and basic employment rights. Their earnings are generally far below the minimum wage standards. Despite these obstacles, various social movements have emerged among domestic workers, reflecting their agency and determination to advocate for their rights. This research paper explores the diversity of social movements within the domestic worker community in Delhi, analysing their effectiveness in bringing about change despite the absence of formal recognition under the law. By shedding light on these movements and their impact, this paper seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of the intersection between social mobilization and legal advocacy in empowering domestic workers.