In today’s digital era, digital applications permeate every aspect of daily life and production. As information technology advances and becomes more widely applied, data has become inextricably linked to people’s lifestyles. The rapid growth of the internet has made life more convenient but has also introduced significant risks to personal information security. For example, the collection of user personal information by mobile applications during their operation can lead to privacy breaches, posing risks to users. If large—scale personal data is stolen and misused, it can endanger user safety.