This chapter presents a systematic overview of big data analysis, outlining its conceptual underpinnings, interdisciplinary linkages, and historical development. It underscores the paradigm shift from a technology-centric to an information-centric perspective in the ongoing information revolution, as articulated by Peter Drucker. The discussion encompasses the evolution and current landscape of big data research, along with its wide-ranging applications in domains such as the Internet, healthcare, finance, transportation, and education. Key challenges—including data storage, information security, and data sharing—are critically examined. Moreover, the chapter explores emerging technological and application-oriented trends that are shaping the trajectory of big data. By integrating historical insight, practical relevance, and future research directions, this chapter lays a foundational framework for advancing both the theoretical understanding and practical deployment of big data technologies.